Optimization of apigenin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies

Abstract This study intended to optimize apigenin (APG) nanoparticle formulation prepared by planetary ball milling enhance its dissolution rate and bioavailability using a design of experiment (DoE). In this study, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30) was used as stabilizer. The independent parameters speed, size, drug solvent ratio were evaluated for their impacts on APG nanoparticles concerning the size ( Y 1), zeta potential 2), efficiency after 60 min, notated % DE 3). showed significant antagonistic effect P = 0.0210) nanoparticles, while speed had an agonistic values ranging from low medium levels. addition, ANOVA analysis indicated that drug-to-solvent formulations antagonistically 0.015), quadratic AA ) also 0.025) . Risk assessment analytical tools revealed significantly affect size. drug/solvent exerted strong impact Furthermore, maximum plasma concentration C max optimized formula increased four folds. AUC 0– t (ng·mL −1 ·h (353.7 ± 185.3 ng·mL higher than noticed in case untreated (149 137.5 more two